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Question		Answer
Entrepreneurial company structure start learning		Structure is built around the owner manager.
Functional company structure start learning		That simply means that people within the organisation are organised by a function. So there is a finance function, a manufacturing function, research and development function, sales function, and so on.
Divisional company structure: 3 The normal bases for splitting up an organisation into divisions are: start learning		Product \| Geography \| Customer. 3) For example some very large organisations have one division which deals with government contracts and another one which deals with private business contracts.
Matrix structure start learning		A combination of a functional and a divisional structure.
What Strategic apex want? for example, the board of directors start learning		Direction
What Technostructure want? The techno-structure, for example, would be responsible for writing procedures manuals, quality control manuals, accounting manuals, personnel manuals. start learning		Efficiency
What Operating core want? start learning		Proficiency
What Middle line want? Mintzberg buidling blocks start learning		Concentration of accountants or lawyers there has to be a very close relationship between the people who do the work
What Support staff want? e.g. the accounts department start learning		Learning
What Strategic apex provides? for example, the board of directors start learning		Supervision
What Technostructure provides? 2 start learning		Procedures and standards.
What Operating core provides? the people who actually does the work start learning		Expertise and skills.
What Middle line provides? the middle managers start learning		Focus and control.
What Support staff provides? e.g. the accounts department start learning		Help and training.
Structure in which Strategic apex dominate? start learning		Simple a simple structure are typically flat Basic organizational design structure with low departmentalization, little work specialization, wide spans of control, centralized authority (typically the owner has most of the power) and little formalization or rules that govern operation.
Structure in which Technostructure dominate? The techno-structure, for example, would be responsible for writing procedures manuals, quality control manuals, accounting manuals, personnel manuals. start learning		Machine bureaucracy Organisation dealing in mass produced products. The technostructure is large: quality control manuals, good financial internal control systems, health and safety rules, employee handbooks. The central middle line is also fairly long.
Structure in which Operating core dominate? the people who actually does the work start learning		Professional bureaucracy A firm of accountants or a firm of lawyers. In such a structure, the middle line is very short and the techno-structure is very small. Because every client is unique there can’t be a lot of standardisation.
Structure in which Middle line dominate? the middle managers start learning		Divisional
ERM start learning		Enterprise risk management
m-commerce start learning		Commercial transactions conducted electronically by mobile phone.
Porter suggests 3 ways IT can affected industries: 3 start learning		New business might become possible. \| Industry structure can be changed. \| New ways of operating. Like auction sites. \| Music industry. \| On-line airline tickets booking
IT Risks 4 HH VI start learning		Hacking. \| Hardware. \| Viruses. \| Imput errors. 4. Either deliberate or accidental.
IT Software controls: 3 start learning		Supplier selection. \| Retain original disks. \| License checking.
IT Network controls: 4 start learning		Firewalls. \| Flow control. \| Virus protection. \| Data encryption. FFVDe In data communications, flow control is the process of managing the rate of data transmission between two nodes to prevent a fast sender from overwhelming a slow receiver.
Residual risk equation + example: start learning		Inherent risk less impact of risk controls. An example of residual risk is given by the use of automotive seat-belts. Installation and use of seat-belts reduces the overall severity and probability of injury. However, probability of injury remains when in use, that is, a remainder of residual risk.
E-commerce creates a much more efficient supply chain that benefits customers and manufactures. Companies can better serve customer needs and: 2 start learning		Carry fewer inventories. \| Send products to market more quickly.
Big data characteristic: 4V start learning		volume \| velocity \| variety \| veracity Veracity - zgodność z prawdą.
Cloud technology drawbacks (except costs): 3 start learning		Regulatory risks. \| Unauthorised access to data. \| Reliance on the provider.
E-branding differences from traditional branding. 3 +1 mój start learning		It can evolve easily. \| It requires more visual identity. \| It needs to be easier to find. \| Logo can be moving or flashing. Visual identity - communicating through pictures and graphics rather than text.
Acquiring customers in e-business. 3 start learning		Search engine marketing. \| Viral marketing. \| Evaluating online behaviour. also: opt-in emails \| online partnership \| online PR
Managing customers in e-business. Ensuring that customers keep returning to a website relies upon: 3 start learning		Responsiveness. \| Empathy. \| Website reliability.
Customer empathy in e-business can by improved through: 3 start learning		Personalisation. \| Storing past transactions. \| Supporting online communities.
What is a business case document? start learning		A document which should be prepared for any project.
Why a Business case document is a formal document? 3 start learning		To obtain funding for the project. \| To compete with other projects for resources. \| To improve planning.
Which members of the Board have right to vote? start learning		All of them - executives and NEDs.
Key project staff: 3 start learning		Project sponsor. \| Project manager. \| Team members.
Roles of Project sponsor: 3 start learning		Resource providing. \| Changes approving. \| Organisational goals communicating.
Roles of project manager: 4 start learning		Business case building. \| Executing the plan. \| Team members managing. \| Day-to-day job.
Stages of Project control: 3 start learning		Create performance measures and targets. \| Test performance at project gateways. \| Take control actions if targets aren’t met.
Potential control action for projects: 3 It is in responsibility of Project manager. start learning		Adding additional resources. \| Scope reduction. \| Adopting higher risk but potentially more efficient approach. + fast tracking \| employee motivation
Project review types: 2 start learning		Post project review. \| Post implementation review. PPR \| PIR
Post project review (PPR) start learning		It reviews the performance of the project team.
Post implementation review (PIR) start learning		It reviews the output from the project.
Two extent of change: 2 start learning		Realignment \| Transformation.
Two speed of change: start learning		Incremental. \| Big bang.
Evolution 2. [Types of change] start learning		Slow large changes. \| Likely to be proactive due to the need for future change.
Adaptation [Types of change] start learning		Slow, small changes.
Revolution 2 \| [Types of change] start learning		Large, fast change. \| More likely to be reactive.
Reconstruction 2. \| [Types of change] start learning		Fast change of limited consequences. \| Often forced and reactive.
Preparation for change. Three stages suggested by Lewin. 3 Kurt Lewin start learning		Unfreeze. \| Change. \| Refreeze.
Unfreeze the situation. 2 First step of preparation for changes by Lewin. start learning		First, management must first explain to people why change is needed. \| And get them ready for change.
Change the situation. 3 Second step of preparation for changes by Lewin. start learning		Make changes. \| This can be a relatively long period. \| People will have to perhaps undergo retraining. Changes to strategy, processes, culture, etc.
Refreeze the situation. 2 Kurt Lewin start learning		Let things settle down, have a period of calm and become stable in a new environment. \| Make sure that people don’t slip back into old patterns of behaviour.
Emblems and titles examples. 2 start learning		Do the members of the board have reserved parking spaces? \| Do they have very large offices or do they tend to share an open plan office with other employees?
Power relations [Cultural Web] start learning		Does your boss always tell you what to do or do you usually discuss what should be done and come to a consensus?
Wide and flat organisational structure: 2 start learning		The tall narrow organisation shape tends to result in organisations which are rather bureaucratic and formal. \| Wide flat organisation tends to produce less formal cultures.
Control systems - questions. 2 \| [Cultural Web] start learning		How carefully are you controlled?. How much are you allowed to use your own initiative?. \| What reporting mechanisms are there?
Rituals and routines example. start learning		Some telephone-sales orientated organisations have a ritual that people, for example, ring a bell whenever a sale is made.
Myths and stories example: start learning		How in the past the company beat a powerful competitor.
Organisational assumptions (The centre of Cultural Web). 2 start learning		Typical assumption is that we are the best, or we never fail or we never miss a deadline. \| A hospital might have the assumption that it’s purpose is to provide healthcare irrespective of cost.
POPIt - Organisation 3 start learning		Consider the organisational capabilities, \| structure, \| and ensure that these are suitable.
POPIt - IT 3 start learning		IT capabilities, \| Controls, \| Software.
POPIt - People 3 start learning		Job descriptions, \| Competencies, \| culture.
POPIt - Processes 2 start learning		Analyse the value chain. \| And understand the processes and their linkages.
Kaleidoscope - Time 2 start learning		Do we have a long time, or is it urgent? \| If urgent, the change process is likely to be one where people tend to be told what to do rather than having long discussions about what should be done.
Kaleidoscope - Scope 2 start learning		If most of organisation is affected then the change process is much more complex. \| If it is more restricted the change process would be much easier.
Kaleidoscope - Preservation start learning		Which aspects of the organisation work well and therefore are to be retained?
Kaleidoscope - Diversity start learning		Some parts of the organisation may be keen to embrace change whereas others resist and are protective of their current position.
Kaleidoscope - Capability start learning		Can we do the change or we need outside experts?
Kaleidoscope - Capacity start learning		Do we have enough resources and time, money, and expertise or do we need to buy some in?
Kaleidoscope - Readiness start learning		Are staff members aware of the need for change and ready to embrace it?
Kaleidoscope - Power 2 start learning		How much power does the change agent have? \| If that person has to keep referring upwards to get guidance, then their power is undermined.
Cost accounting characteristics: 3 start learning		Based on standard costing systems. \| May be based on absorption, marginal or activity based systems. \| Becoming increasingly out-of-date in modern manufacturing environments.
Break even point equation: start learning		Total fixed costs minus Contribution.
Margin of safety: start learning		Budgeted sales minus Break even sales.
Break even analysis key assumptions: 3 start learning		Assumes a constant selling price. \| Ignores economies/diseconomies of scale. \| Only relevant in the short term.
Marginal decision making: 3 start learning		Accepting or rejecting special orders. \| Closing a business unit. \| Abandoning a project.
Marginal decision making. Relevant costs and revenues must satisfy three criteria: 3 start learning		Cash, Incremental, Future.
Problems with marginal decision making: 2 start learning		May need to consider opportunity costs. \| Tax impact will be different.
How to calculate Net Present Value? 2 start learning		Use a cost of capital and discount factors \| to discount future cash flow to give the present value.
How to calculate Accounting Rate of Return? start learning		Divide average profits \| by the initial investment.
How to calculate the Payback period? start learning		Determine how quickly the original cash injection is removed.
How to calculate the IRR? 2 start learning		Determine the cost of capital \| that provides a zero NPV.
NPV has best use when? 2 start learning		The project is long \| and the cost of capital is known.
Payback period has best use when? 2 start learning		The project is short \| and cash is in short supply.
ARR has best use when? start learning		The project has profit targets to meet.
IRR has best use when? 2 start learning		The project is long \| and cost of capital has not yet be determined.
Key advantage of NPV start learning		Gives an absolute estimate of the impact on shareholder wealth
Key advantage of Payback period start learning		Provides a minimum target for the project life.
Enterprise risk management definition 2 start learning		the process of assessing risks to identify both threats to a company’s financial well-being and opportunities in the market. \| The goal of an ERM program is to understand an organization's tolerance for risk, categorize it, and quantify it.
Industry convergence. start learning		Industries which had historically been separate come together so that more diverse others products or services are now offered by the same supplier. Examples can be airlines which now offer car hire, hotels, and insurance.
Competition, or rivalry, can range from: start learning		Perfect competition to monopoly.
Unusual resources examples: 3 start learning		Brands. \| Knowhow. \| Management information system (MIS) used for decision-making, and for the coordination, control, analysis, and visualization of information in an organization.
Primary activities equate to...? Value chain analysis. start learning		_to direct costs.
Value networks start learning		Value networks recognise that few companies stand alone and that what is ultimately supplied to and paid for by customers depends on activities carried on by many suppliers, distributors and, indeed, logistics companies. Graphics available.
BCG analysis suggests that Problem Child/Question mark that there is no...? start learning		there is no long-term future for this product if it has only a small market share.

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