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5 features of scientific knowledge start learning
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generalisability, controllability, objectivity, use of valid methods of research, parsimony
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start learning
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research hast to be transparent and repeatable
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start learning
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scientific research should strive for independence; it is important for trustworthiness of the results
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start learning
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the simplest explanation that explains the greatest number of observations is preferred to more complex explanations
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good reason model of truth start learning
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a claim is true if it is supported by the balance of reasons, a claim is supported by the balance of reasons if the reasons in favour of the claim outweigh the reasons against the claim
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argumentum ad ignorentiam start learning
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one claims that sth is true cuz there is no proof for the opposite of what one claims
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start learning
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from the fact that one cannot prove that something is the case, one cannot conclude that the opposite is the case
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start learning
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the claim that one has to prove is secretly taken for granted in one of the premises
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start learning
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when an argument offers a false range of choices and requires that you pick one of them
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"what is reasonable" as methodological question start learning
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the correct methods of research and argumentation
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representative heuristics start learning
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the more person or situation seems to represent the features of a particular type, the higher the chances that the person is of such type, without looking at the statistical distribution of chances
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what is reasonable as an epistemological question start learning
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the status of acquired knowledge, when do we speak of knowledge, distinguished from opinion, faith or suspicion?
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what is reasonable as an ontological question start learning
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the nature of social reality; how real is the money concept?
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start learning
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all natural phenomena are nothing more than mental representations. Trees, are just ideas of us, not objects that exist own reality. One never sees the rock as a whole, it is only a mental image
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start learning
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our observation of reality is in some sense preshaped; 12 types of snow exist only for Inuits - this is something they can experience
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start learning
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study of being or existence and its basic categories and relationships; what entities can be said to exist or whether we can group these entities according to similarities and differences
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start learning
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what is scientific knowledge and how it is obtained; how we know what we know
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start learning
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explaining an outcome Y in terms of the necessary or sufficient conditions for Y to take place
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start learning
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causal, functional, intentional
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Ontological questions - examples start learning
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arę natural and social reality the same or are they different?; is money as real as water is?
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epistemological questions - examples start learning
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how can we acquire reliable knowledge about social reality? can theories in social science be based on facts alone?
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start learning
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ambition to explain the world as it is; makes explicit positive expectations towards the world; theory-to-world direction of fit
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start learning
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ambition to justify the world as it ought to be; makes explicit normative expectations towards the world; world-to-theory direction of fit
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start learning
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with a logically valid arguments, true premises always lead to true conclusions; if not all premises are true, we don't know if conclusion is true; even with false premises, the argument can be valid an logical
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start learning
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a process of creating new statement from one or more existing statements
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start learning
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based on assumption that by finding and explaining the cause of a phenomenon we explain the phenomenon
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