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Question		Answer
neologisms start learning		new words that enter a language
etymology start learning		the study of the origin and history of word
coinage start learning		totally new words (aspirine, nylon, vaseine, zipper, xenox, teflon)
eponyms start learning		new words based on the name of a person or a place (hoover, sandwich, jeans, walt, volt)
borrowing start learning		taking over the words from other language (crossaint, dope, lilac, piano, pretzel, tatto, yogur, zebra)
loan transision (calque) start learning		direct translation of a word into borrowing language (sky-scrapper)
blending start learning		joining the begginig of one word to the end of the other word (smoke+fog= smog, brunch=breakfast+lunch)
clipping start learning		word of more than one syllabkle is reduced to a shorter form (gasoline-gas, advertisment-ad, fanatic-fan)
hypocorism start learning		longer word is reduced to a single syllable, -y or -ie is added to the end of a word (movie, telly, barbie)
bacformation start learning		word of one type (noun for example) is reduced to form a form of another type (usually a verb); removing the suffixes (donate-donation, babysit-babysitter, worker- work, editor-edit)
conversion for example N->V without any reduction start learning		a change in a function of a word , (N->V: bottle, butter, chair, vacation V->N: a guess, a must, a spy, a printout V->Adj: see-through, stand-up Adj-> V or N: a dirty floor- to dirty, an empty room- to emoty, nasty people- the nasty, up/down- to up/ to down)
acronyms start learning		first letters of the main words created a new word
types of acronyms • CD (compact disc) - the pronunciation consists of saying each separate letter • NATO, NASA, UNESCO - pronounced as single words start learning		vv • many acronyms simply become everyday terms, e.g. laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), radar (radio detacting and ranging)
derivational start learning		the process based on adding affixes to the word (-un, -ful, -les, -ish, pre, mis-)
affixes start learning		bund morphemes that cannot stand alone Prefixes: un- (unhappy) - Suffixes: -ish (yellowish) - Infixes: not found in English
morphology start learning		the study of forms
morpheme start learning		a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function reopened (3 morphemes): open - minimal unit of meaning re- - minimal unit of meaning (re= again) -ed - minimal unit of gramatical function (past tense)
free morphemes start learning		morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words, for example, open and tour
bound morphemes start learning		cannot stand alone and are attached to another form (re-, -ist, -ed, -s) They are also identified as affixes. All affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English are bound morphemes.
stem start learning		When free morphemes are used with bound morphemes, the basic word forms are called (un-DRESS-ed, CARE-less-ness)
Bound stems start learning		stem is not a free morpheme. receive, reduce and repeat - the bound morpheme re-, - but the elements -ceive, -duce and - peat are not separate word forms (so they are not free morphemes) → bound stems
free morphemes- lexical & functional open class of words functional morphemes - functional words (conjunctions, prepositions, articles, pronouns); closed class of words, e.g. and, but, when, because, on, start learning		open class of words lexical morphemes - ordinary nouns, adjectives and verbs that carry the 'content' of messages; near, above, in, the, that, it, them.
derivational morphemes start learning		used to make new words or to make words of a different grammatical category from the stem, e.g. -ish in foolish, -ly in quickly, and -ment in payment, + prefixes: re-, pre-, ex-, mis-, co-, un-, etc
inflextional morphemes start learning		are not used to produce new words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a word.
Provide 8 English derivational morphemes start learning		'S (possessive) -s (third-person singular) -s (plural) -ed (past tense) -ing (present participle) -er (comparative) -est (superlative) -en
morph start learning		morphs' are the actual realizations of 'morphemes'
allomorph start learning		used to realize the inflectional morpheme 'plural'
How can morphemes be divided? start learning		free and bound morphemes
free morphemes start learning		Can stand alone, e.g., "cat"
bound stem? Give an example start learning		A root that cannot stand alone, e.g., "ceive" in "receive"
What types of free morphemes do you know? start learning		Lexical (e.g., "house") and functional (e.g., "and")
What types of bound morphemes do you know? start learning		Derivational and inflectional
lexical morphemes start learning		Carry meaning, e.g., "dog"
functional morphemes start learning		Have a grammatical function, e.g., "in", "the".
derivational morphemes start learning		Create new words, e.g., "-ness" in "happiness"
inflectional morphemes start learning		Change grammatical form, e.g., "-ed" in "walked"
phrase start learning		group of words standing together
What types of phrases do you know? start learning		Noun (NP), verb (VP), adjective (AdjP), adverb (AdvP), prepositional (PP) phrases
sentence start learning		A set of words containing a subject and a predicate, forming a complete thought
grammar start learning		The process of describing the structure of phrases and sentences that allows to make the grammatical sequences in a language and not the ungrammatical ones
8 basic parts of speech start learning		adverb, article, pronoun, preposition, conjuction, noun, verb, adjective,
agreement start learning		The grammatical consistency between parts of a sentence, e.g., subject-verb agreement.
What is the difference between prescriptive and descriptive grammar? start learning		Prescriptive grammar states how language should be used; descriptive grammar describes how language is actually used.
syntax start learning		the structure and ordering of elements within a sentence
‘all and only criterion’ start learning		'all the grammatical sentences and only grammatical sentences will be produced
Define the productivity of language start learning		The ability to create an infinite number of sentences.
recursion start learning		recursion rule have the possibility to repeat grammar structure or type of linguistic element; he ability to embed structures within structures indefinitely

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