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Question		Answer
Adaptive system start learning		A system in which the behaviour of agents changes and they self-organize in response to events
Andon start learning		A system, either manual or automated, used to notify workers and other parts of an organization of quality or process issues. The Andon system originated in manufacturing, but is now widely used in IT.
Artifical Intelligence start learning		Highly advanced automation that demonstrates capabilities of general reasoning, learning, and human-like intelligence; a branch of computer science and engineering focused on simulating intelligent behaviour in computer systems.
Big data start learning		The use of very large volumes of structured and unstructured data from a variety of sources to gain new insights.
Blockchain start learning		An open, distributed ledger that can record transactions between two parties efficiently and in a verifiable and permanent way.
Business case start learning		A justification for the expenditure of organizational resources, providing information about costs, benefits, options, risks, and issues.
Change agent start learning		A role that facilitates the development, application, and advocation of new ways of working.
Complex system start learning		A system in which agents’ interactions are dynamic and often unpredictable.
Complexity thinking start learning		A systems thinking approach based on the recognition and understanding of the various levels of complexity inherent in the systems and the context in which they operate.
Compliance start learning		Both the act and result of ensuring that a standard or set of guidelines is followed, or that proper, consistent accounting or other practices are being employed.
Continuous delivery start learning		An approach to software development in which software can be released to production at any time. Frequent deployments are possible, but deployment decisions are taken case by case, usually because organizations prefer a slower rate of deployment.
Continuous deployment start learning		An approach to software development in which changes go through the pipeline and are automatically put into the production environment, enabling multiple production deployments per day. Continuous deployment relies on continuous delivery.
Continuous integration start learning		An approach to integrating, building, and testing code within the software development environment.
Control start learning		The means of managing a risk, ensuring that a business objective is achieved, or that a process is followed.
Cultural fit start learning		The ability of an employee or a team to work comfortably in an environment that corresponds with their own beliefs, values, and needs.
Customer experience (CX) start learning		The sum of functional and emotional interactions with a service and service provider as perceived by a customer.
Customer journey start learning		The complete end-to-end experience that service customers have with one or more service providers and/or their products through touchpoints and service interactions.
Customer orientation start learning		An approach to sales and customer relations in which staff focus on helping customers to meet their long-term needs and wants.
Cycle time start learning		The amount of time required to complete a discrete unit of work, converting inputs into outputs.
data start learning		Information that has been translated into a form that is efficient for movement or processing.
Design thinking start learning		A practical and human-centred approach used by product and service designers to solve complex problems and find practical and creative solutions that meet the needs of an organization and its customers.
Digital transformation start learning		The use of digital technology to enable a significant improvement in the realization of an organization’s objectives that could not feasibly have been achieved by non-digital means.
Directing start learning		Lead, conduct, or guide someone or order something. This includes: set and communicate the vision, purpose, objectives, and guiding principles for an organization or team. It may also include: lead or guide the organization or team towards its objectives
Early life support (ELS) start learning		A period of time associated with the release of service components to users, when additional resources are allocated to user support and service operations. Early-life support can also be applied to the onboarding or offboarding of users from a service
Emotional intelligence start learning		The ability to understand the way people feel and react, and to use this skill to make good judgements and to avoid or solve conflicts.
Gap analysis start learning		An activity that compares two sets of data and identifies the differences; for example, comparing a set of requirements with the actual delivery, or the current state of an organization with a target future state
Governance start learning		The means by which an organization is directed and controlled.
Guideline start learning		A recommended practice that allows some discretion in its interpretation, implementation, or use.
Improve start learning		The value chain activity that ensures continual improvement of products, services, and practices across all value chain activities and the four dimensions of service management.
Improvement start learning		A deliberately introduced change that results in increased value for one or more stakeholders.
Improvement review start learning		An evaluation using metrics and other evidence to determine whether an improvement has achieved its desired outcomes and, if not, what needs to be done to complete the work.
Indicator start learning		A metric that is used to assess and manage something.
Integration of duties start learning		Having a task that is prone to fraud or error performed by one person because other controls have been applied. This serves as an alternative to separation (or segregation) of duties.
Intelligent disobedience start learning		Deliberately disobeying or disregarding rules in order to avoid a dangerous situation, or ‘doing the right thing’.
ITIL continual improvement model start learning		A model which provides organizations with a structured approach to implementing improvements.
ITIL guiding principles start learning		Recommendations that can guide an organization in all circumstances, regardless of changes in its goals, strategies, type of work, or management structure.
ITIL service value chain start learning		An operating model for service providers that covers all the key activities required to effectively manage products and services.
ITIL service value chain activity start learning		A step of the value chain that an organization takes in the creation of value.
Job start learning		A position within an organization that is assigned to a specific person.
Kanban start learning		A method for visualizing work, identifying potential blockages and resource conflicts, and managing work in progress.
Lagging indicator start learning		Indicators that show historical performance.
Lead time start learning		The time taken to complete the execution of a process, usually measured from a specific perspective (e.g. that of the customer).
Leading indicator start learning		Indicators that help to predict future performance.
Lean culture start learning		A work environment where trust, respect, curiosity, enquiry, playfulness, and intensity all co-exist to support learning and discovery.
Lessons-learned analysis start learning		An evaluation of an improvement initiative or iteration for the purpose of understanding what did or did not go well and what should be done differently in the future in similar circumstances.
Machine learning start learning		An applied form of artificial intelligence, based on the principle of systems responding to data, and adapting their actions and outputs as they are continually exposed to more of it.
Management start learning		Coordinated activities to define, control, supervise, and improve something.
Measurement start learning		A means of decreasing uncertainty based on one or more observations that are expressed in quantifiable units.
Metric start learning		A measurement or calculation that is monitored or reported for management and improvement.
Mission start learning		A short but complete description of the overall purpose and intentions of an organization.
Multi-sourcing start learning		The use of multiple service providers offering similar (if not the same) services, balancing the risks of relying on a single provider with the overhead of managing work across multiple providers.
Net promoter score (NPS) start learning		A metric used to measure customer loyalty; often used as a proxy to measure customer satisfaction.
Operating model start learning		A conceptual and/or visual representation of how an organization co-creates value with its customers and other stakeholders, as well as how the organization runs itself.
Operation start learning		The routine running and management of an activity, product, service, or other configuration item.
Organization start learning		A person or a group of people that has its own functions with responsibilities, authorities, and relationships to achieve its objectives.
Pattern of business activity (PBA) start learning		A workload profile of one or more business activities. PBAs are used to help the service provider understand and support different levels of service consumer activity.
Plan start learning		The value chain activity that ensures a shared understanding of the vision, current status, and improvement direction for all four dimensions and all products and services across an organization.
Policy start learning		Formally documented management expectations and intentions, used to direct decisions and activities.
RACI start learning		A model used to help define roles and responsibilities. RACI stands for responsible, accountable, consulted, and informed.
Report start learning		A detailed communication of information or knowledge about a topic or event.
Risk start learning		A possible event that could cause harm or loss or make it more difficult to achieve objectives. Can also be defined as uncertainty of outcome and can be used in the context of measuring the probability of positive outcomes as well as negative outcomes.
Role start learning		A role is a set of responsibilities, activities, and authorizations granted to a person or team in a specific context.
Scope of control start learning		The area(s) or activities over which a person has the authority to direct the actions of others or define the required outcomes.
Servant leadership start learning		Leadership that is focused on the explicit support of people in their roles.
Service empathy start learning		The ability to recognize, understand, predict, and project the interests, needs, intentions, and experiences of another party, in order to establish, maintain, and improve the service relationship.
Service integration and management start learning		The coordination and orchestration of work across all suppliers involved in the development and delivery of products and services.
Service level start learning		One or more metrics that define expected or achieved service quality.
Service level agreement (SLA) start learning		A documented agreement between a service provider and a customer that identifies both the services required and the expected level of service.
Service management start learning		A set of specialized organizational capabilities for enabling value for customers in the form of services.
Service management office (SMO) start learning		A group or department that functions as a centre of excellence for service management, ensuring continual development and the consistent application of management practices across an organization.
Service mindset start learning		An important component of the organizational culture that defines an organization’s behaviour in service relationships. A service mindset includes the shared values and guiding principles adopted and followed by an organization.
Service quality start learning		The totality of a service’s characteristics that are relevant to its ability to satisfy stated and implied needs.
Service value system (SVS) start learning		A model representing how all the components and activities of an organization work together to facilitate value creation.
Service - dominant logic start learning		A mental model of an (economic) exchange in which organizations co-create value by applying their competencies and other resources for the benefit of each other.
Site reliability engineering (SRE) start learning		A discipline that incorporates aspects of software engineering and applies them to infrastructure and operations problems with the goal of creating ultra-scalable and highly reliable software systems.
Stakeholder start learning		A person or organization that has an interest or involvement in an organization, product, service, practice, or other entity.
Strategy start learning		A broad approach or course of action defined by an organization for achieving its objectives.
Theory of constraints start learning		A methodology for identifying the most important limiting factor (i.e. constraint, often referred to as a bottleneck) that stands in the way of creating value, and then systematically correcting that constraint until it is no longer the limiting factor.
User experience (UX) start learning		The sum of the functional and emotional interactions with a service and service provider as perceived by a user.
User story start learning		A technique in Agile software development that uses natural language to describe desired outcomes and benefits from the point of view of a specific persona (typically the end-user), usually in the form of ‘who, what, and why’.
Utility start learning		The functionality offered by a product or service to meet a particular need. Utility can be summarized as ‘what the service does’ and can be used to determine whether a service is ‘fit for purpose’.
Value start learning		The perceived benefits, usefulness, and importance of something.
Value stream start learning		A series of steps an organization undertakes to create and deliver products and services to consumers.
Value stream map start learning		A visual representation of a service value stream which shows the flow of work, information, and resources.
Value stream mapping start learning		A Lean management technique to visualize the steps needed to convert demand into value, used to identify opportunities to improve.
Vision start learning		A defined aspiration of what an organization would like to become in the future.
Warranty start learning		Assurance that a product or service will meet agreed requirements. Warranty can be summarized as ‘how the service performs’ and can be used to determine whether a service is ‘fit for use’...

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